组合模式 (Composite Pattern) - 处理树形结构

结构图

• Component（抽象构件）：它可以是接口或抽象类，为叶子构件和容器构件对象声明接口，在该角色中可以包含所有子类共有行为的声明和实现。在抽象构件中定义了访问及管理它的子构件的方法，如增加子构件、删除子构件、获取子构件等。
• Leaf（叶子构件）：它在组合结构中表示叶子节点对象，叶子节点没有子节点，它实现了在抽象构件中定义的行为。对于那些访问及管理子构件的方法，可以通过异常等方式进行处理。
• Composite（容器构件）：它在组合结构中表示容器节点对象，容器节点包含子节点，其子节点可以是叶子节点，也可以是容器节点，它提供一个集合用于存储子节点，实现了在抽象构件中定义的行为，包括那些访问及管理子构件的方法，在其业务方法中可以递归调用其子节点的业务方法。

组合模式的关键是定义了一个抽象构件类，它既可以代表叶子，又可以代表容器，而客户端针对该抽象构件类进行编程，无须知道它到底表示的是叶子还是容器，可以对其进行统一处理。同时容器对象与抽象构件类之间还建立一个聚合关联关系，在容器对象中既可以包含叶子，也可以包含容器，以此实现递归组合，形成一个树形结构。

示例

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace DesignPatterns.Composite
{
    // The base Component class declares common operations for both simple and
    // complex objects of a composition.
    abstract class Component
    {
        public Component() { }

        // The base Component may implement some default behavior or leave it to
        // concrete classes (by declaring the method containing the behavior as
        // "abstract").
        public abstract string Operation();

        // In some cases, it would be beneficial to define the child-management
        // operations right in the base Component class. This way, you won't
        // need to expose any concrete component classes to the client code,
        // even during the object tree assembly. The downside is that these
        // methods will be empty for the leaf-level components.
        public virtual void Add(Component component)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        public virtual void Remove(Component component)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        // You can provide a method that lets the client code figure out whether
        // a component can bear children.
        public virtual bool IsComposite()
        {
            return true;
        }
    }

    // The Leaf class represents the end objects of a composition. A leaf can't
    // have any children.
    //
    // Usually, it's the Leaf objects that do the actual work, whereas Composite
    // objects only delegate to their sub-components.
    class Leaf : Component
    {
        public override string Operation()
        {
            return "Leaf";
        }

        public override bool IsComposite()
        {
            return false;
        }
    }

    // The Composite class represents the complex components that may have
    // children. Usually, the Composite objects delegate the actual work to
    // their children and then "sum-up" the result.
    class Composite : Component
    {
        protected List<Component> _children = new List<Component>();
        
        public override void Add(Component component)
        {
            this._children.Add(component);
        }

        public override void Remove(Component component)
        {
            this._children.Remove(component);
        }

        // The Composite executes its primary logic in a particular way. It
        // traverses recursively through all its children, collecting and
        // summing their results. Since the composite's children pass these
        // calls to their children and so forth, the whole object tree is
        // traversed as a result.
        public override string Operation()
        {
            int i = 0;
            string result = "Branch(";

            foreach (Component component in this._children)
            {
                result += component.Operation();
                if (i != this._children.Count - 1)
                {
                    result += "+";
                }
                i++;
            }
            
            return result + ")";
        }
    }

    class Client
    {
        // The client code works with all of the components via the base
        // interface.
        public void ClientCode(Component leaf)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"RESULT: {leaf.Operation()}\n");
        }

        // Thanks to the fact that the child-management operations are declared
        // in the base Component class, the client code can work with any
        // component, simple or complex, without depending on their concrete
        // classes.
        public void ClientCode2(Component component1, Component component2)
        {
            if (component1.IsComposite())
            {
                component1.Add(component2);
            }
            
            Console.WriteLine($"RESULT: {component1.Operation()}");
        }
    }
    
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Client client = new Client();

            // This way the client code can support the simple leaf
            // components...
            Leaf leaf = new Leaf();
            Console.WriteLine("Client: I get a simple component:");
            client.ClientCode(leaf);

            // ...as well as the complex composites.
            Composite tree = new Composite();
            Composite branch1 = new Composite();
            branch1.Add(new Leaf());
            branch1.Add(new Leaf());
            Composite branch2 = new Composite();
            branch2.Add(new Leaf());
            tree.Add(branch1);
            tree.Add(branch2);
            Console.WriteLine("Client: Now I've got a composite tree:");
            client.ClientCode(tree);

            Console.Write("Client: I don't need to check the components classes even when managing the tree:\n");
            client.ClientCode2(tree, leaf);
        }
    }
}

运行结果

Client: I get a simple component:
RESULT: Leaf

Client: Now I've got a composite tree:
RESULT: Branch(Branch(Leaf+Leaf)+Branch(Leaf))

Client: I don't need to check the components classes even when managing the tree:
RESULT: Branch(Branch(Leaf+Leaf)+Branch(Leaf)+Leaf)

总结

组合模式使用面向对象的思想来实现树形结构的构建与处理，描述了如何将容器对象和叶子对象进行递归组合，实现简单，灵活性好。

优点

1. 组合模式可以清楚地定义分层次的复杂对象，表示对象的全部或部分层次，它让客户端忽略了层次的差异，方便对整个层次结构进行控制。
2. 客户端可以一致地使用一个组合结构或其中单个对象，不必关心处理的是单个对象还是整个组合结构，简化了客户端代码。
3. 在组合模式中增加新的容器构件和叶子构件都很方便，无须对现有类库进行任何修改，符合“开闭原则”。
4. 组合模式为树形结构的面向对象实现提供了一种灵活的解决方案，通过叶子对象和容器对象的递归组合，可以形成复杂的树形结构，但对树形结构的控制却非常简单。

缺点

在增加新构件时很难对容器中的构件类型进行限制。有时候我们希望一个容器中只能有某些特定类型的对象，例如在某个文件夹中只能包含文本文件，使用组合模式时，不能依赖类型系统来施加这些约束，因为它们都来自于相同的抽象层，在这种情况下，必须通过在运行时进行类型检查来实现，这个实现过程较为复杂。

适用场景

1. 在具有整体和部分的层次结构中，希望通过一种方式忽略整体与部分的差异，客户端可以一致地对待它们。
2. 在一个使用面向对象语言开发的系统中需要处理一个树形结构。
3. 在一个系统中能够分离出叶子对象和容器对象，而且它们的类型不固定，需要增加一些新的类型。